Ibitavugwa ku mpamvu-muzi Amerika n’u Burayi byegeka amabi ku Rwanda mu kibazo cya Congo

Ibibazo by’umutekano muke mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo, bikomeje kugaragaza uburyo ibihugu bimwe byo mu Burayi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika bisa n’ibidashaka ko umuti kuri iki kibazo uboneka. Umunsi ku wundi amatangazo y’urudaca avuga ko imirwano ikwiriye guhagarara ntasiba, Amerika iyashyira hanze ishishikaye, ariko igitangaje ni ibiba biyakubuyemo n’uruhande rwayo mu kibazo.

Iki kibazo cyageze aho mu mboni ya Amerika, u Rwanda rujya mu gatebo kamwe na M23, FDLR na RDC ubwayo. Ibyo ubwabyo biba ihurizo ry’uburyo ikibazo cyakemukamo mu buryo burambye, kuko ufashe umunyu n’umucanga ukavanga, ntubasha gutandukanya byombi. Bisaba ko ushyiramo amazi kimwe kikayonga ikindi kigasigara.

Aho bigoranira ni uko u Rwanda rugaragaza ikibazo rufite, Amerika n’u Burayi bakigira ba ntibindeba, ahubwo bakarutwerera amabi yose. Muri iyi nkuru, turagaruka ku mvano ya byose, uburyo ibiri kuba biri mu mugambi mugari wa Amerika n’ibihugu bikorera mu kwaha kwayo. Turanakomoza ku mpamvu ibi bihugu bidateze guhinduka vuba aha.

Zahabu ni yo ntandaro

Ibintu bitangira kwivanga, ntabwo byatewe n’intambara ya M23, ahubwo byaturutse ku mikoranire y’u Rwanda na RDC – mu mboni za Amerika ndetse n’ibihugu by’abanyaburayi bisa n’ibikorera mu kwaha kwa Amerika – yari igamije gufungura amaso no kugeza iki gihugu cy’igituranyi ku iterambere rirambye, ryari no kugirira inyungu akarere kose k’ibiyaga bigari.

Amasezerano yasinywe na ba Minisitiri b’Inganda ku mpande zombi ku wa 26 Kamena 2022, yashegeshe ibi bihugu mu buryo bukomeye, ni ajyanye no gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro.

U Rwanda rwari rwumvikanye na RDC ko ibihugu byombi bigiye gufatanya mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro buciye mu mucyo.

Amabuye y’agaciro yagombaga kujya acukurwa muri RDC, akoherezwa mu Rwanda, agatunganywa mbere yo koherezwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Byari ibintu byiza kuri RDC, ni nabwo buryo bwonyine yari kubona inyungu ifatika, ugereranyije n’andi masezerano iki gihugu gifitanye n’ibindi bihugu, kenshi usanga agamije gusiga Congo amara masa.

Umuvugizi w’Ibiro bya Perezida muri RDC, Tina Salama, hashize iminsi mike amasezerano asinywe, ni umwe mu bumvikanishaga akamaro kayo mu itangazamakuru mpuzamahanga.

Yigeze kubwira Radio Canada ati “Hazabaho ugufatanya hagati y’ibi bigo bibiri, aho bizagenzura urugendo rwose kuva mu gucukura bizakorwa na Sakima kugeza mu gutunganya bizakorwa na Dither SA.”

Iyo Sakima ni Sosiyete yo muri RDC mu gihe Dither ari iyo mu Rwanda. Gahunda yari uko hakurwaho uburyo bwose bwatuma zabahu ikomeza kujya mu maboko y’imitwe yitwaje intwaro ikoresha amafaranga yavuye muri ayo mabuye mu guteza umutekano muke. Indi gahunda yari iyo kongera inyungu ikomoka ku mabuye y’agaciro ya Congo binyuze mu mikoranire ifitiye inyungu yo n’u Rwanda.

Inyungu u Rwanda rwari kujya rubona ni agatonyaga kuri Amerika n’ibyo bihugu bindi, ariko politiki yabyo ntiyemera ko habaho imikoranire nk’iyo hagati y’ibihugu nk’ibi bya Afurika. Impamvu ni uko ubwo bucuruzi buciye mu mucyo, bwari kurangira bugiriye akamaro gakomeye RDC kuko ubusanzwe ntacyo ikura mu mabuye itunze.

Leta ya Congo yigeze kugwa muri uwo mutego mu myaka yo hambere. Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari [IMF] na Banki y’Isi byagiriye inama ubuyobozi bwa RDC yo kugurisha ibirombe byayo, ngo kuko nta bushobozi ifite bwo kubicukura.

Abahanga basobanura ko IMF na Banki y’Isi ari intwaro zikomeye zifashishwa na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n’Abanyaburayi mu kugenzura no gupyinagaza ubukungu bw’ibihugu bikiri mu nziya y’Amajyambere.

Ibirombe byinshi byagiye mu maboko y’Abanyaburayi n’Abanyamerika ndetse n’u Bushinwa.
Hagati ya 2010 na 2020, ibigo bifite mu maboko ibirombe by’amabuye y’agaciro muri RDC byinjije miliyari 35$, nyamara amafaranga ya komisiyo byishyuye Gécamines [Ikigo cya leta ya RDC gishinzwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro] ni miliyoni 564$, bivuze ko Leta ya Congo yinjiza mu isanduku yayo 1,6 % gusa by’agaciro kaba kakuwe mu mabuye y’agaciro ayicukurwamo. Ni akumiro!

Albert Yuma Mulimbi wigeze kumara imyaka irenga 10 ayobora icyo kigo cya leta gishinzwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, Gécamines, yigeze kuvuga ati “Baratubwiraga ngo mwe Leta ya Congo nta bushobozi mugifite bwo guteza imbere no gukomeza gucukura amabuye yanyu y’agaciro, turabagira inama yo kubiharira abafatanyabikorwa b’abanyamahanga babizobereyemo kandi bafite ubushobozi, bazabikora neza kubarusha. Ni ikosa rikomeye twakoze tutari dukwiriye gukora.”

Bivuze ngo Abanyaburayi n’Abanyamerika icyo bakoze ni uko nubwo Congo ifite amabuye y’agaciro, itazigera na rimwe igira icyo iyakuramo, ahubwo azakiza abandi.

Ntabwo ibyo bihugu byari kwishimira ko u Rwanda rugirana na RDC amasezerano abyara inyungu kuko yari kuba anyuranyije n’amahame bigenderaho agamije kugumisha Afurika ku mavi no mu butindi. Uwagerageje wese kunyuranya n’aya mahame agamije kugumisha Afurika mu bukene, iteka arebwa ikijisho kandi agategwa imitego iburyo n’ibumoso.

Ayo masezerano yari gukura RDC mu mwijima w’icuraburindi

Amasezerano y’u Rwanda na RDC yari gutanga umusaruro uhabanye n’ibyo Abanyaburayi n’Abanyamerika bashaka muri politiki yabo muri Afurika, kuko badashaka kubona uyu mugabane wajijutse, byatuma winjira mu murongo w’iterambere rirambye.

Perezida Kagame ubwo yari i Goma yahavuye yemereye abaturage basenyewe n’Ikirunga cya Nyiragongo ko agiye kububakira umudugudu w’icyitegererezo. Wagombaga kubakwa na sosiyete zo mu Rwanda mu mezi atandatu, ndetse itsinda ry’intumwa za Tshisekedi zahise zigera mu Rwanda zireba umudugudu wo mu Kinigi uko uteye.

Abazi neza iby’uwo mushinga, basobanura ko u Rwanda rwari rwemeye kubaka umudugudu ugezweho urusha n’iri mu Rwanda. Abasesenguzi basanga iyo yari kuba intambwe imwe y’urugendo rurerure rw’imikoranire hagati y’u Rwanda na Congo kuko byarimo binaganisha ku mikoranire mu birebana no kubaka ibikorwaremezo nk’imihanda n’ibindi muri Congo.

Umwe mu basesenguzi usobanukiwe neza iby’iki kibazo yagize ati “Abanyaburayi na Amerika baravuze bati u Rwanda ruraza gushaka uko ibi bintu bikunda, Congo itangire kubona inyungu mu buryo bugaragara, banabanduze ikintu cy’iterambere.”

“Umudugudu wari kubasogongeza ku byiza. Kagame yashoboraga kubabwira ati reka ducukure amabuye ariko mu nyungu zanyu turi bukatemo gato tugakoreshe mu bikorwaremezo byanyu, twe tuzajya tubaha imfunguzo z’ibikorwaremezo byanyu, mutwereke sosiyete zanyu, dukorane, tubigereho dufatanyije.”

Uwahoze ari Umujyanama wa Tshisekedi, Fortunat Biselele, yaciye amarenga ku cyo RDC yifuza k’u Rwanda. Yavuze ko Tshisekedi yigeze gusaba Kagame kumufungurira imiryango, akamuhuza n’abantu bagira uruhare mu bikorwa biteza imbere igihugu cye, ibyo yise ko u Rwanda rufite “carnet d’adresses”.

Umusesenguzi ati “Washoboraga gusanga u Rwanda ruzanye nka Sosiyete y’Abashinwa, ikajya gukora umuhanda muri RDC, ariko ugasanga na Sosiyete zo muri RDC hamwe n’izo mu Rwanda zifitemo akazi. Byose ugasanga byakozwe mu buryo buzira kunyereza amafaranga, nk’uko bigenda mu Rwanda. Iyo ni yo yari inyungu ikomeye y’iriya mikoranire.”

“U Rwanda rwari gufasha RDC mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, rukayatunganya, rwarangiza rugafasha iki gihugu gushaka umuguzi, inyungu nini ikajya kuri RDC, rwo rugahabwa komisiyo y’akazi rwakoze.”

Iyi mikoranire yari kujijura RDC igatangira kubona inyungu itabonye mu myaka hafi ya yose. Yari no gushyira umucyo mu buryo ibintu bikorwa bitandukanye n’uko amabuye y’agaciro asanzwe anyerezwa muri iki gihugu.

Hagati ya 2010 na 2020, Gecamines yabashije kwinjiza miliyari 2 z’amadolari ariko miliyari 1,5$ yakoreshejwe mu kwishyura uduhimbazamushyi na misiyo z’abakozi.

Ni mu gihe hari miliyoni 400 z’amadolari yaburiwe irengero kandi inyandiko zose zigaragaza ko ako kayabo kinjiye kuri konti za Gecamines.

Albert Yuma yigeze kuvuga ko amahanga yatanze ibirombe bya Congo nk’ingwate. Ati “Ibyo bigo by’amahanga byafashe ibirombe byacu, bajya kubitangaho ingwate mu mabanki y’amahanga, bajya gufata inguzanyo aho kuzana amafaranga yabo nkuko bari babidusezeranyije. Ni amafaranga bafata ku nyungu igera kuri 10 % mu gihe twari tuzi ku bitazarenga inyungu ya 2% cyangwa 3 %.”

Bivuze ko mu mafaranga ava mu mabuye y’agaciro, amenshi ashirira mu mifuka y’abanyamahanga, Congo igasigarana utuvungukira.

Kuki Abanyaburayi n’Abanyamerika barwanya iterambere ry’Afurika bivuye inyuma?

Ibihugu by’u Burayi na Amerika ntibishaka na rimwe kubona ibihugu nk’u Rwanda bimaze guca akenge, bikongeza uwo mwera ku bandi.

Kujijuka kwa Afurika n’ibihugu nk’u Rwanda kuri bo gushobora gutuma ibihugu byinshi bikerebuka, hanyuma bigatangira kwipakurura ingoyi imaze imyaka.

Impamvu ingana ururo. Mu 2050, umuntu umwe ku Isi muri bane azaba ari Umunyafurika. Uko kuzamuka kw’abaturage ntibiri mu nyungu z’Abanyaburayi na Amerika kandi ni ibintu biri kuba mu gihe gito cyane.

Muri uwo mwaka, ibihugu 26 bya Afurika, bizakuba kabiri umubare w’abaturage wabyo. Uyu mugabane uzaba ubuturo bw’abantu nibura 25% by’abatuye Isi, ugereranyije na 10% yari ifite mu 1950.

Magingo aya, 40% by’Abanyafurika ni abana bari munsi y’imyaka 14 ndetse mu bihugu byinshi by’uyu mugabane, umubare munini w’abaturage babyo ni abari munsi y’imyaka 20.

Umwanditsi Edward Paice mu gitabo cye ‘Youthquake – Why African Demography Should Matter to the World’, yagarutse ku mpamvu ubwiyongere bw’abaturage muri Afurika buzagira ingaruka ku Isi yose muri rusange, haba mu bucuruzi n’ibindi. Ati “ Ni igihe cyo kongera gutekereza uko dufata uyu mugabane”.

Mu 1900, u Burayi bwari bufite abaturage benshi kurusha Afurika kuko icyo gihe bari miliyoni 408 mu gihe Afurika yari ifite miliyoni 133. Mu 2021, abaturage ba Afurika bari miliyari 1,3, bituma uba umugabane wa kabiri utuwe cyane ku Isi inyuma ya Aziya. 
Ni mu gihe muri 2021 u Burayi bwari bufite abaturage miliyoni 747.

Uko kwiyongera kw’abaturage b’Abanyafurika, biri kujyana n’uko abirabura bari gukwira hose ku Isi kandi hamwe na hamwe abamaze kugira uko bigenza, bagaruka guteza imbere ku ivuko.

Mu bihugu byose byateye imbere, 20% by’abaturage babyo bari hejuru y’imyaka 60 kandi uko imyaka izagenda ijya imbere ni ko bizakomeza kuba kuko nko mu 2060, uwo mubare uzaba uri kuri 32%. Byumvikane ko abarya badakoze bazaba ari benshi.

Mu gihe bimeze bityo, Afurika yo ni umugabane w’abantu babyara cyane, ufite urubyiruko rwinshi, kuko hejuru ya 60% bari munsi y’imyaka 30, bitandukanye n’abageze mu zabukuru b’i Burayi na Amerika.

Magingo aya, Umutungo mbumbe wa Afurika ubarirwa muri miliyari ibihumbi 3,1$ ndetse byitezwe ko mu 2050 uzaba ugeze kuri miliyari ibihumbi 29$. Muri icyo gihe, Amerika ntizaba ari igihugu cya mbere gikize ku Isi ahubwo izaba ari iya Gatatu ikurikiye u Bushinwa n’u Buhinde.

Mu gihe ubukungu bw’ibihugu bine bikomeye by’u Burayi [U Budage, u Burusiya, u Bwongereza n’u Bufaransa] bwakomeza kuzamuka ku gipimo cya 1,5 nibura ku mwaka, umusaruro mbumbe w’u Burayi waba uri miliyari ibihumbi 25,8$ mu 2050.

Umusesenguzi ati “ Afurika ifite abantu benshi bashaka gukira. Abanyaburayi n’Abanyamerika bo rero iyo bakora igenamigambi, bahita bavuga bati umugabane ufite amabuye y’agaciro menshi, ufite abaturage benshi, bajye ku murongo muri ubu buryo baturengeho kandi aribo twanyunyuzaga?”

Urugero nka RDC, biragoye ko yava mu bibazo irimo kuko iterambere ryayo ryacecekesha ibihugu byinshi nk’u Bufaransa kuko butaba bubasha gufungura udushumi tw’inkweto twayo.

Nk’urugomero rwa Inga muri RDC, rufite ubushobozi bwo kuba rwatanga umuriro mwinshi kurusha izindi zose ku Isi ungana na megawatt ibihumbi 40. Urunini ku Isi ni Three Gorges rwo mu Bushinwa rutanga megawatt 22.500.

Iki gihugu gifite umutungo ubarirwa muri miliyari ibihumbi 20$ mu butaka gusa, aho ntushyizemo imbaho, ubukerarugendo n’ibindi. Ayo mabuye abyajwe umusaruro yakenura RDC burundu ku buryo yahita yegera Amerika mu ngano y’umusaruro-mbumbe.

Congo nzima yatuma urujya n’uruza rworoha kuri uyu mugabane kuko yafungurira amarembo ibihugu byinshi, uhereye ku icyenda biyikikije. Byatuma nk’ibintu bikorerwa muri Angola, byambuka byoroshye bijya muri Cameroon, Gabon, Tchad n’ahandi.

Iki gihugu kidatekanye, gitera ibibazo ku karere muri rusange, kikanabitera ibindi ku Isi muri rusange. Ni yo mpamvu abayiriraho badateze na rimwe kwemera ko iva muri icyo kinya imazemo imyaka.

Mu kubigeraho, bashaka urwitwazo bakoresha, u Rwanda rukazamo hagati aho, barugaragaza ko arirwo muzi w’ibibazo.

Umusesenguzi ati “ni yo mpamvu u Rwanda rusinyana amasezerano na Congo, bo bagahita bareba icyo avuze. Bahise babona ko kubera uburyo u Rwanda ruri ku murongo, ruraza gutuma ibikubiye mu masezerano bigerwaho, ibyo bitume Congo ikanguka.”

Umugambi wo gupyinagaza Afurika wacuzwe mu 1963

Ibikorwa bya Amerika tubona uyu munsi birimo amacenga, imitego n’ibindi, si ibintu ibya none ahubwo bimaze imyaka myinshi. Hari umugambi mugari utajya uvugwa, wacuzwe, uranozwa kandi uhabwa umugisha.

Mu 1974, Henry Kissinger wahoze ari Umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe Ububanyi n’Amahanga muri Amerika, yakoze raporo uyu munsi warebamo ukabona ibisubizo kuri byinshi mu bibazo wakibaza. Iyo raporo yitwa National Security Study Memorandum 200, bakunze kuyita “NSSM 200”.

Ku wa 10 Ukuboza 1974, Kissinger yamurikiye iyo raporo Perezida Richard Nixon. Umutwe wayo ugira uti “Implications of Worldwide Population Growth For U.S. Security and Overseas Interests”. Ugenekereje mu kinyarwanda wavuga ko ari “Ingaruka z’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage ku Isi ku mutekano wa Amerika n’inyungu zayo hirya no hino”.

Raporo ifite paji 123, uyisomye wakumva rwose ari ivanjili nziza yubaka, ariko iyo ufashe umwanya wo kuyisesengura neza, ubasha kubona neza icyo Amerika yifuriza ibihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere ndetse ukanabasha kumenya impamvu iki gihugu cyitwara uko cyitwara mu ruhando mpuzamahanga. Iyo raporo ni yo igenderwaho muri politiki ya Amerika mpuzamahanga guhera mu 1975.

Ugerageje gusobanura muri make ibikubiye muri izo paji 123, mu magambo make, icyo igamije ni uko “kugira ngo Amerika ikomeza kuba igihugu gikize, ibihugu bikennye bigomba gukomeza gukena”.

Muri iyo raporo, Kissinger agaragaza ko abaturage bo mu bihugu bikennye n’ibiri mu nzira y’amajyambere, uko bikomeza kugira umubare munini w’abaturage, ari imbogamizi ikomeye kuri Amerika. Raporo irakomeza ikavuga noneho byeruye kuri Afurika.

Hari aho iyi raporo igaragaza ko ibihugu bya Afurika bizakomeza kuzamuka mu mubare w’abaturage, ibyo bikanajyana n’uko umubare w’impfu wo uzagabanuka. Gusa ikagaragaza ko bifite amahirwe akomeye kuko bifite umutungo kamere uzabifasha guhangana n’ubwo bwiyongere bw’abaturage.

Ibyo Amerika yavugaga mu 1970 kuri Nigeria na Misiri ko bizakomeza kugira abaturage benshi, ni nako byaje kugenda. Byarakomeje kandi umutungo kamere w’ibyo bihugu utuma ubukungu bwabyo buzamuka. Ibyo Amerika ibibonamo ikibazo gikomeye!

Ni aho Amerika yahereye ishyira imbaraga muri gahunda zo gutera inkunga ibikorwa byo kuboneza urubyaro, igera no kuri politiki yayo igendanye no gushyigikira abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.

Ni raporo isobanurwa kwinshi, kugeza n’aho impuguke ziyibonamo ko ariyo Amerika ishingiraho ishyigikira abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi mu bihugu itibonamo cyangwa se igateza akaduruvayo mu bihugu bitari mu murongo wayo wo kugirwa ingaruzwamuheto.

Iyi raporo igena imirongo migari irimo guhwika ibihugu bimwe na bimwe, ku buryo nka RDC ibwirwa ko ikibazo ifite ari u Rwanda, ko ikwiriye kurwishyiramo. Mu gihe irangariye muri ibyo, ab’inkwakuzi bakaba bari gucukura amabuye y’agaciro bashishikaye, ariko bitari mu nyungu za Congo.

Mu 1995, u Bushinwa bwari ubwa munani bukize cyane ku Isi, Amerika ntiyabufataga nk’igihugu bahangana. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Abasoviyete zimaze gusenyuka, Amerika yatangiye gushyiraho umurongo Isi igenderaho kuko nta kindi gihugu cyari gihari bihanganye.

Magingo aya, ibintu bitangiye guhinduka, ibihugu bikomeye nk’u Bushinwa bitangiye nabyo gushyiraho amahame Isi igenderaho, ibyo Amerika ntibishaka kuko ayo mahame ari guhumura Afurika.

Inzobere mu bukungu, John J. Mearsheimer, abisobanura ati “Amerika mu bihe byashize, yashyizeho amabwiriza y’Isi, inagena ko akurikizwa… yabaye Umupolisi, Umucamanza, n’ibindi byose. Ni ko Amerika yari iri. Mbere hariho amabwiriza y’Abasoviyete n’ay’Abanyamerika. Intambara y’Ubutita irangiye, Amerika ishyiraho amabwiriza yayo.”

Mearsheimer asobanura ko uko u Bushinwa bukomeje gukura mu bukungu, binajyana no kutishimira umurongo wa Amerika, nabwo bugatangira gushyiraho ayabwo.

Ati “Bashyizeho AIIB [Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank], bashyizeho imishinga ya Belt and Road Initiative [igamije gutera inkunga ibihugu birenga 150 bikennye] n’indi.”

Abahanga bavuga ko muri iki gihe Amerika iri mu mayira abiri, aho ifite ubwoba ko ubuhangange bwayo buzakomeza kuyica mu ntoki ari nayo mpamvu ikomeje gahunda zo gupyinagaza umugabane wa Afurika, ari nako ikomeza gutega imitego inyuranye u Bushinwa kubw’umuvuduko bufite mu iterambere.

Gushaka guheza hasi ibihugu binyuranye ku isi cyane ibikungahaye ku mutungo-kamere ni nabyo byatumye Amerika yitambika Iran ikoresheje ibihano simusiga, ipyinagaza Venezuela, isenya itanzitse Libya na Syria. Ibi bihugu byose bihuriye ku gukungahara ku mitungo kamere. Na Congo rero ikomeje kugererwa muri ako kebo nk’ak’ibyo bihugu tuvuze haguru.

Isi ya none ariko, irasa n’iri mu rugendo rugana ku kwigobotora iyi ngoyi. Uyu ni we murongo u Rwanda ndetse na bimwe mu bihugu by’Afurika byafashe. Icyizere cyo kuba uyu mwera uzakwira hose ukanagera muri Congo kuri ubu kiragerwa ku mashyi.

source :igihe.com